Biochemistry

Neurodegenerative diseases have long been linked to Cigarette Smoke (CS). The goal of this study was to examine the neurotoxicological effects of CS on rat brains as well as any potential ameliorative benefits of genistein as a neuroprotective agent. A total of 24 adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 different groups. Group I served as control; group II was CS Exposed (Rats are exposed to side stream CS twice daily, the duration of each exposure was 3 h with an interval of 10 min between each cigarette, using 8 to 10 cigarettes per day); group III received Gen (Genistein alone dissolved in cremophor EL orally, 10 mg/kg b.w./day). Group IV received: both CS Exposure and Gen (Genistein dissolved in cremophor EL orally, 10 mg/kg BW orally);Rats treated with CS poisoning developed biochemical and histological abnormalities. The levels of enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants as well as neuronal enzymes like acetylcholinesterase, creatine kinase, and Lactate Dehydrogenase within the brain and serum of treated rats were significantly improved by genistein, which also significantly reduced the elevation of lipid peroxidation and normalized the CS impact. Histology data further supported the findings that CS therapy resulted in neurodegenerative changes and that soy isoflavones genistein act as antioxidants and neuroprotective agents against CS toxicity. Therefore, Genistein should be a part of a healthy diet to prevent or reduce neurological diseases caused by long-term exposure to CS.

Cigarette smoking (CS) is concerned as a major risk factor in the development of various
neurological disorders. Oxidative stress is suggested as a possible contributing factor in the
pathogenesis of cigarette smoking-induced toxicity. Therefore, the current investigation aimed
to determine how well Genistein (GEN) protected the rat brain from oxidative damage caused
by prolonged cigarette smoking.Adult male albino rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for a
period of 12 weeks and simultaneously administered with genistein (10 mg/kg b.w. /day, p.o.).
The levels of reduced glutathione, vitamin C, vitamin E, and vitamin A as well as the activities
of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were used
to determine, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase,
and glutathione reductase, the brain's antioxidant state. Additionally, the brain's concentrations
of copper, iron, zinc, and selenium were assessed. The decreased levels of both enzymatic and
non-enzymatic antioxidants were a clear indicator of oxidative stress. Changes in the levels of
trace elements were also found, including an increase in copper and iron and a decrease in zinc
and selenium. The antioxidant status was improved and the trace element levels were
maintained by genistein administration. Administration of genistein stopped the brain tissue
from undergoing histopathological changes. These findings imply that long-term cigarette
smoking increases oxidative stress and compromises tissue defence mechanisms, while
genistein shields the brain from oxidative harm thanks to its antioxidant properties.

Carissa carandas is a well-known traditional medicinal plant with a wide range of pharmaceutical properties. In the present studies, three Carissa carandas fruit extract varieties were investigated for the activities relevant to type 2 diabetes mellitus, including inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Different solvent extracts such as methanol, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of Carissa carandas fruits were evaluated to determine the level of biological activities such as antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging activity by in-vitro approaches. Sour green, sour pink and sweet varieties of Carissa Carandas fruits were used in this study. Free radical scavenging activity of fruit extracts was assessed using DPPH, H2O2, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide radical, ferric ion, and total antioxidant capacity. Among the three different extracts from the three varieties, the ethanol extract of the sour green variety showed the strongest α- amylase, and α -glucosidase inhibition (IC50 = 270.4±1.73 µg/ml and 127.96±0.91 µg/ml), mainly due to the higher antioxidant activity. These extracts were evaluated using various in-vitro assays such as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, DPPH, and ferrous ion chelating activity. Methanol, ethanol, and aqueous extracts from the three varieties protected the lipids and proteins from oxidative stress. The higher anti-diabetic activity and free radical scavenging activity of sour green fruit ethanol extract can be allocated to a high content of its phenolic compounds. The present study provided data showing the use of green sour fruit extract for therapeutic application.

The objective of the study is to evaluate the deleterious effects of Lambda Cyhalothrin (LTC) on biochemical, hematologi-cal and hepato pathological parameters and the potential ameliorative effect of flavonoid naringin on male Wistar rats. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four different groups. Group I served as control; group II received lambda cyhalothrin at a dose of 8mg/kg BW (1/10 LD50) dissolved in water for 21days orally; group III received both lambda cyhalothrin and naringin (100mg/kg BW orally). Group IV received naringin alone (100mg/kg BW orally). LTC-evoked increased in hepatic marker enzymes like aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, along with increased Lipid Peroxidation (LPO), Protein Oxidation (PO) and significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the levels of enzymic antioxidants in serum evidenced oxidative stress is the molecular mechanism of LTC induced hepatic damage and it is further confirmed by histological alterations like hepatic vascular congestion, inflammation, hypertrophy, hyalinization and degenerated hepatocytes. Administration of flavonoid naringin significantly reduced the hepatic marker enzymes, LPO, PO and significantly improves the antioxidant status proves naringin has hepato protective activity. The results of the haematological parameters of LTC induced rats shown significant (P<0.05) decreased in the erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, packed cell volume, mean corpus-cular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, On the other hand a noticeable increase in white blood cells count, lymphocytes, mean corpuscular volume and polymorph neutrophils. Supplementation of flavonoid naringin significantly regulates the all the hematological parameters and their functional indices to near normal level. Results indicate that LTC exerts significant harmful effects on biochemical, haematological, hepato-pathological parameters and that administration of flavonoid naringin reduced the detrimental effects of LTC.

Deltamethrin (DLM) is a type II α - cyano group containing
synthetic pyrethroid insecticide that is used extensively for
controlling arthropods worldwide and is at forefront of efforts to
fight against malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. Humans
are exposed to DLM via direct exposure to the vapors, inhalation,
epidermal contact and ingestion due to occupational exposure in the
environment through contaminated food, water and consumption
on suicidal attempt. Acute and chronic exposure of DLM leads
to pathophysiology of a broad spectrum of cerebrovascular and
neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson disease, Lou Gehrig’s
disease, Alzheimer disease, developmental deficits, birth defects,
low IQ, pervasive developmental disorder, attention problems
and learning disabilities. In this work, we review the molecular
mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic actions of pyrethroid
pesticide deltamethrin during acute and chronic exposure on
experimental animals.

Cigarette smoking (CS) is the cause of morbidity and mortality from several diseases including lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Free radicals mediated oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of smoking-related lung diseases and antioxidant nutrients are reported to prevent these lung damages. EGCG inhibits chemical-induced lung fibrosis and lung cancer. However, minimal bio availability of EGCG considerably reduced EGCG mediated biological effects invivo. Therefore, the present study was intended to evaluate the pulmonary protective role of EGCG coated silver Nano particles (EGCG-AgNPs) against chronic CS induced oxidativedamage in rat lungs. Adult male albino rats were exposed to side stream CS for a period of 12 weeks and simultaneously administered with EGCG-AgNPs (2mg/kgB.W./day). Exposure to CS significantly increased the levels of oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein oxidation, and decreased levels o freduced glutathione, vitamin C and vitaminE. The activities of superoxidedismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferases andglutathione reductase were found to be decreased in CS exposed rat. Oral supplementation with EGCG-AgNPs showed significant decrea se in the levels ofLPO, protein oxidation products and improved the antioxidant status by increasing the activities of enzymic antioxidants, and non-enzymic antioxidants. Histopathological alterations of the lung tissue were prevented by EGCG-AgNPs administration. These results suggest that chronic CS exposure enhances oxidative stress, thereby disturbing the tissue defense system and EGCG-AgNPs protects the lungs from this oxidative damage through its antioxidant potential.

Lambda-cyhalothrin is a pyrethroid insecticide. New born babies and children are often exposed to pyrethroid insecticides for long periods by wide usage. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the toxic effect of λ -cyhalothrin on biochemical and hepatic marker enzymes and ameliorating effects of quercetin on male Wistar rats. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four different groups.Group I served as control; group II rats were received with 7.8 mg/ kg B.W (1/10LD 50) λ -cyhalothrin for 7 days, group III rats received with λ-cyhalothrin for aperiod of 7 days and simultaneously administered of quercetin (100 mg/kg BW for 7 days) orally. Group IV quercetin alone treated. λ -cyhalothrin induced hepato toxicitywas assessed by the increased activities of serum hepatic marker enzymes likeaspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, along with increased elevation of lipid peroxidation and reduction in the levels of enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants levels. However, on treatment with quercetin normalized the levels of hepatic markers, antioxidant and nonenzymic antioxidant, lipid peroxidation products. These findings highlight theefficacy of quercetin as hepato protective effects against λ -cyhalothrin induced hepato toxicity in male Wistar rats

Cypermethrin (CYP) is a synthetic type II pyrethroid insecticide and is widely used in agricultural and other domestic applications with mammalian toxicity. Green tea catechins including epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) could exert beneficial health effects and wide biological activities. In this work, we have studied the nephro protective effect of a green tea compound, (-) epigallocatacinegallate (EGCG) on CYP induced nephrotoxicity. CYP induced nephrotoxicity was evidenced by increased in the activities of lipid peroxidation, renal markers like urea, uric acid,creatinine, BUN, serummarker enzymes like AST, ALT, ACP, ALP, LDH and decreased in the activities of enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants. CYP induced renal damage was also evidenced by histopathologicalalterationsof cortex and glomerular region of kidney. Supplementation of EGCG improved renal function by significantly decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation, and significantly increased in the antioxidant enzyme levels and restored the levels of renal and serum marker enzymes. These results indicate that EGCG has a protective action against CYP induced nephrotoxicity

Cigarette smoking (CS) is the cause of morbidity and mortality from several
diseases including lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Free radicals mediated oxidative stress has been
implicated in the pathogenesis of smoking-related lung diseases and antioxidant
nutrients are reported to prevent these lung damages. EGCG inhibits chemicalinduced
lung fibrosis and lung cancer. However, minimal bioavailability of
EGCG considerably reduced EGCG mediated biological effects invivo. Therefore,
the present study was intended to evaluate the pulmonary protective role of
EGCG coated silver Nano particles (EGCG-AgNPs) against chronic CS induced
oxidative damage in rat lungs. Adult male albino rats were exposed to side
stream CS for a period of 12 weeks and simultaneously administered with EGCGAgNPs
(2mg/kg B.W./day). Exposure to CS significantly increased the levels of
oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein oxidation, and
decreased levels of reduced glutathione, vitamin C and vitaminE. The activities of
superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferases
and glutathione reductase were found to be decreased in CS exposed rat. Oral
supplementation with EGCG-AgNPs showed significant decrease in the levels
of LPO, protein oxidation products and improved the antioxidant status by
increasing the activities of enzymic antioxidants, and non-enzymic antioxidants.
Histopathological alterations of the lung tissue were prevented by EGCG-AgNPs
administration. These results suggest that chronic CS exposure enhances oxidative
stress, thereby disturbing the tissue defense system and EGCG-AgNPs protects the lungs from this oxidative damage through its antioxidant potential.

Cardiac apoptosis is potentially important in cardiac disorders. Pro-apoptotic (Bax),anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) proteins and mitochondrial dysfunction are key regulators of apoptosis. In this study, we characterized the regulation of Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase proteins during cyslosporine-A [CsA] induced oxidative stress mediated mitochondrial apoptosis and modulating effect of S-allyl cysteine [SAC]. MaleWistar rats were divided into four groups. Group-I control, group-II received CsA at dose of 25 mg/kg BW orally for 21 days, group-III received CsA as group- II and SAC at dose of 100mg/kg BW for 21 days intraperitoneally; group-IV SAC alone. CsA-induced apoptosis was evidenced by release of cytochrome-C into the cytosol, up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2, caspase family protein expressions. SAC administration inhibited apoptosis through the reserve of cytochrome-C release, inhibition of caspase-3, down-regulation of Bax and upregulation of Bcl-2. Further CsA- induced cardiotoxicity was evident by decreased activities of TCA cycle enzymes and mitochondrial antioxidants, along with increased activities of lipid peroxidation, serum creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase. However, SAC administration normalized all the above parameters to normal level. The results suggest that administration of SAC reduced incidence of cardio vascular disease. A diet containing garlic could prove beneficial to the heart.

The protective effect of naringin on deltamethrin poisoning in human erythrocyte was studied usingan in vitro model. Hemolysis, percentage met-hemoglobin, lipid peroxidation, glutathione, antioxidantenzymes and erythrocyte ghost protein pattern were assessed to investigate the effect of naringin. Eryth-rocytes at a hematocrit of 10% were incubated with 500 ppm of deltamethrin and/or 0.1 M naringin underphysiological conditions of temperature and pH for 2 h. Deltamethrin significantly increased the percent-age of hemolysis and met-hemoglobin in human erythrocytes as compared to the control erythrocytes andnaringin significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the percentage of hemolysis and met-hemoglobin. The levelsof lipid peroxides and conjugated diene increased whereas the level of glutathione decreased signifi-cantly (P < 0.05) by deltamethrin-incubated erythrocytes. Naringin significantly inhibited the formationof lipid peroxides and conjugated diene while increased the glutathione level in erythrocytes incubatedwith deltamethrin. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymic antioxidants were decreased inerythrocytes incubated with deltamethrin whereas naringin improved the activities of these antioxidantand non-enzymic antioxidants. SDS–PAGE of erythrocyte ghost protein pattern showed an alteration inthe protein bands by deltamethrin poisoning but naringin significantly inhibited the alteration in proteinprofile. The present study divulges that naringin can reduce the abnormalities of deltamethrin poisoningby ameliorating oxidative stress. This finding raises the possibility that naringin may provide protectionfrom pesticide poisoning.

The present study brings out the preventive role of (-)-epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) on cardiac mitochondrial metabolism and apoptosis in cigarette smoke (CS)-exposed rats. The CS-exposed rats showed significantly decreased activities of TCA cycle enzymes and mitochondrial enzymatic antioxidants, on the other hand, mitochondrial lipid peroxidation was increased and GSH level was decreased. Further, CS exposure was found to induce cardiac apoptosis through release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, cleavage of pro-caspase-3 to active caspase-3, up-regulation of pro-apoptotic (Bax) and downregulation of antiapoptotic (Bcl-2) molecules. The CSinduced apoptosis was further confirmed by mitochondrial
and nuclear ultra structural apoptotic features as evaluated by electron microscopic studies. EGCG supplementation shelters the activities of TCA cycle enzymes and antioxidant enzymes, with concomitant decrease in lipid peroxidation and increase in GSH level. EGCG administration inhibited apoptosis through the inhibition of cytochrome c release into cytosol, activation of pro-caspase-3, down regulation of Bax and significant up regulation of Bcl-2. EGCG reversed the ultra structural apoptotic alterations of mitochondria and nucleus. The present study has provided experimental evidences that the EGCG treatment enduring
to cardio protection at mitochondrial level.

Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and exerts negative effects on the
lipid profile. This study was aimed to evaluate the preventive role of (-)-epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) on
lipid metabolism and cardiac inflammatory changes in cigarette smoke (CS) induced myocardial dysfunction.
Adult male albino rats were exposed to side stream CS for a period of 12 weeks and simultaneously administered with EGCG (20 mg/kg b.w./day, p.o.). Exposure to CS showed significant increased (P.05) activities of cardiac injury markers such as, creatine kinase-MB (CKMB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum and subsequent decrease in these enzyme activities in heart. A significant increase (P.05) in serum total cholesterol, fatty acids, phospholipids,and triglycerides were observed in CS exposed rats, along with elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol and decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. In myocardium, total cholesterol, fatty acids and triglycerides
were increased, whereas the phospholipids were found to be decreased. Cardiac lecithin: cholesterol acyl trasferase (LCAT), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and plasma LCAT activities were significantly decreased (P.05) on CS exposure. Supplementation of EGCG reverted the cardiac injury markers, abnormalities of lipid profile, and lipidmetabolizing enzymes in serum and myocardium. Western blot analysis showed a significant increase in protein expression levels of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-jB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNFa), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in heart of CS exposed rats. EGCG-treated rats showed a significant decrease in the expression of inflammatory markers. Our data suggest that chronic CS causes lipidemic anomalies and cardiac inflammatory aberrations which may promote
cardiac dysfunction and that the antioxidant EGCG exerts a cardio protective effect via reduction of oxidative stress.

Cardiovasculardiseases(CVD)areoneoftheleadingcausesofglobalmortalityforwhichcigarette
smoking(CS)isamajorandindependentriskfactor.Freeradicalsmediatedoxidativestresshasbeen
implicatedinthepathogenesisofsmoking-relatedCVDandantioxidantnutrientsarereportedto
preventthesecardiacdamages.Therefore,thepresentstudywasconductedtoevaluatetheantioxidant
role of()-epigallocatechin-gallate(EGCG)againstchronicCSinducedoxidativedamageincirculation
(rat blood)andheartofrats.AdultmalealbinoratswereexposedtosidestreamCSforaperiodof12
weeks andsimultaneouslyadministeredwithEGCG(20mg/kgb.w./day,p.o.).ExposuretoCS
significantlyincreasedthecardiacandserumlevelsofoxidativestressmarkerssuchaslipid
peroxidation,proteincarbonyl,anddecreasedproteinthiol,reducedglutathione,vitaminCand
vitaminE,theactivitiesofsuperoxidedismutase,catalase,glutathioneperoxidase,glutathione-S-
transferasesandglutathionereductasewerefoundtodecreased.OralpretreatmentwithEGCGshowed
significantdecreaseinthelevelsoflipidperoxidation,proteincarbonylproductsandimprovedthe
antioxidantstatusbyincreasingtheactivitiesofenzymicantioxidants,andnon-enzymicantioxidants.
HistopathologicalalterationsofthemyocardialtissuewerepreventedbyEGCGadministration.These
results suggestthatchronicCSexposureenhancesoxidativestress,therebydisturbingthetissuedefense
system andEGCGprotectstheheartfromthisoxidativedamagethroughitsantioxidantpotential

The protective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) against cigarette smoke (CS) induced alterations in human erythrocyte was studied using an in vitro model. Hemolysis, carboxyhemoglobin, osmotic fragility, hemin, lipid peroxidation (LPO), proteinthiol, protein carbonyl, glutathione, antioxidant enzymes, membrane bound ATPases and erythrocyte ghost protein were assessed to investigate the effect of EGCG. Erythrocytes were incubated with CS and/or 10 μM EGCG under physiological conditions of temperature and pH for 2 h. CS significantly increased the percentage of hemolysis, carboxyhemoglobin, hemin, LPO and osmotic fragility
in human erythrocytes whereas EGCG pretreatment significantly reduced all the above parameters. The levels of protein carbonyls significantly increased whereas the level of protein thiol decreased significantly in erythrocytes incubated with CS. EGCG pretreatment significantly decreased the levels of carbonyls and increased the level of protein thiol. The level of glutathione, antioxidant enzyme and membrane bound ATPases were decreased significantly in erythrocytes incubated with CS. However, EGCG pretreatment
significantly increased the activities of GSH, antioxidant enzymes and membrane bound ATPases. CS incubated erythrocytes showed a progressive loss of the cytoskeleton proteins and formation of low molecular weight bands and protein aggregates.EGCG pretreatment of CS incubated erythrocytes showed a near normal protein profile compared to that of control erythrocytes.The present study divulges that EGCG can reduce the abnormalities of cigarette smoking by ameliorating the oxidative stress.This finding raises the possibility that EGCG may provide protection from CS induced toxicity

Modification of collagen such as non-enzymatic glycation and cross-linking plays an important role in diabetic complications and age-related diseases. We evaluate the effect of Withania somnifera on glucose-mediated collagen glycation and cross-linking in vitro. Extent of glycation,
viscosity, collagen-linked fluorescence and pepsin solubility were assessed in different experimental procedures to investigate the effect of
W. somnifera. Tail tendons obtained from rats (Rattus norvegicus) weighing 250–275 g were incubated with 50 mM glucose and 100 mg of
metformin or Withania root powder or ethanolic extract of Withania under physiological conditions of temperature and pH for 30 days. Formation
of advanced glycation end products (AGE) was measured by fluorescent method whereas the cross-linking of collagen was assessed by pepsin
digestion and viscosity measurements. Tendon collagen incubated with glucose showed an increase in glycation, AGE and cross-linking of
collagen. The collagen incubated with W. somnifera and metformin ameliorates these modifications. The ethanolic extract of Withania showed
more prominent effect than Withania root powder. The activity of ethanolic extract of Withania is comparable to metformin, a known
antiglycating agent. In conclusion, Withania could have therapeutic role in the prevention of glycation induced pathogenesis in diabetes mellitus
and aging.

Attenuation of the cardiac lipid anomalies by (-)-epigallocatechin -gallate in cigarette smoke exposed rats

Biochemical studies on Perchloroethylene induced toxicity on urinary enzymes

We studied the material collected from agricultural land. Four Ascomycota fungi were isolated from the soil sample. The preliminary identification based on morphological characters using taxonomic keys was done only up to the genus level, due to overlapping characters, making identification difficult. Therefore the Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region also called as fungal DNA barcode was sequenced. The obtained results were compared with GenBank, the NCBI database, and identification was made up to species level based on the similarity search result. The phylogenetic relationship among the species and between species was studied using a neighbor-joining tree. The genetic distance between the study fungi was computed through the maximum composite likelihood model. These sequences were deposited in GenBank, NCBI, and accession numbers were allotted by GenBank to the submitted sequences. Based on the morphological characters and the DNA sequence analysis results, the isolated fungus was identified as Aspergillus terrus and Aspergillus flavus.

In this study Ascomycota fungi was isolated from the soil collected from cucumber field. The micromorphological characters of the isolated fungus were muddling with overlapping characters and identification was unwhole. Hence, nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the ideal molecular marker, accepted as DNA barcode for fungal identification was sequenced and compared with the existing GenBank, NCBI, database to identify the species. This sequence was deposited in GenBank, NCBI under the accession number MW945403. Based on the homology and phylogenetic analysis, the isolated fungus was identified as Acrothecium nigrum which is the first report of its presence in the cucumber field.

Almost all the basic biochemical parameters studied decreased significantly after
pyrethroid intoxication. Hematological alterations and variations in enzyme activities in
the catla catla (Hamilton) were studied after 96 h exposure to sub-lethal concentration
of fenvalerate and A. Vasica in the present study. There was no fatality observed in
either fenvalerate or A. Vasica exposed groups.
From this investigation, it may be inferred that A.Vasica prevented the decline in
nucleic acid, protein, glycogen, triglyceride and cholesterol content of liver tissues by
restoring their normal metabolism thus preventing fenvalerate induced cellular damage.
Restoration of hematological parameters by A.Vasica could be ascribed to the
protective action of A.Vasica on blood cells by preventing cellular damage.
The non toxic nature of A.vasica on experimental fish is clear from this study. The
exact mechanism of action of A. vasica needs to be further investigated at molecular
levels.

Fenvalerate is a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide used in agriculture to protect a variety of crops.
Fenvalerate exposure is associated with serious health consequences in mammals and other non target species. It has been reported to cause liver damage in rats. Fenvalerate is an oxidative stress inducer in liver and Quercetin is a potential antioxidant and is known for its hepatoprotective properties. Therefore, the aim of the present investigation was to assess the ability of Quercetin to protect liver from Fenvalerate induced toxicity. In rats treated with Fenvalerate enzymatic and non enzymatic hepatic function markers along with MDA were significantly elevated while antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly reduced compared to control group, thereby indicating oxidative stress and liver damage while Quercetin pretreatment followed by Fenvalerate administration showed better recovery as evidenced by the significant reduction of liver specific markers in serum and elevated levels of antioxidants with the depletion of MDA compared to Fenvalerate treated group.

This study was designed to investigate the ameliorative effect of Quercetin on Fenvalerate-induced biochemical alterations in human erythrocytes invitro. Erythrocytes are useful model to study the interaction of pesticides with biological membranes. Pesticides are thought to exert damaging effect on biomembranes through free radical generation; therefore antioxidants can play a crucial role in offering protection against pesticide induced oxidative damage. Quercetin is a potential antioxidant, known to be able to protect cells against oxidative damage. The biochemical parameters chosen to evaluate the effect of Quercetin were lipid peroxidation (LPO), selected antioxidant and membrane bound enzymes in erythrocytes. No statistical differences were found in the Quercetin treated groups compared with the control group. Following in vitro exposure, Fenvalerate caused a significant induction of oxidative damage in erythrocytes as evidenced by increased levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and decreased levels of GSH. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were found to be significantly reduced in Fenvalerate treated erythrocytes compared with the control erythrocytes. However, Quercetin pretreatment significantly prevented the decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and membrane bound ATPases. The beneficial effects of Quercetin observed here presumably reflect the ability of this flavonoid to protect cells from the toxic effects of Fenvalerate.

Pyrethroids are a class of neurotoxic pesticides with high selectivity for insects. Fenvalerate is a
synthetic pyrethroid pesticide used to protect a variety of crops. Fenvalerate has been reported to exert deleterious effects on non target organisms including mammals. Recently, Fenvalerate was reported to cause liver damage in rats probably by generating oxidative stress while Quercetin, a potential antioxidant, has been reported to posses hepatoprotective activity. Therefore, the aim of the present investigation was to assess the ability of Quercetin to protect liver from Fenvalerate induced toxicity. In the present investigation an effort was made to evaluate the effect of Quercetin and Fenvalerate on hepatic G 6PD, GST and GR. Fenvalerate administration demonstrated significant
reduction in the activities of hepatic G-6-PD, GST and GR while rats co treated with Quercetin showed significant recovery in the activities of these antioxidant enzymes.

The present investigation was aimed to evaluate efficacy of ethanolic extract seeds of Nigella sativa against glucose induced cataract in goat eye lens. In the in vitro study, goat lenses were subjected to photographic evaluation and biochemical parameters such as protein, GSH, MDA, NA + /K + ATPase and sodium and potassium were also analyzed. Photographic examination of the eyes showed that treatment with ethanolic extracts of seeds of N. sativa retarded the progression of lens opacification. Cataract lens treated with N. sativa elevated the activity of Na + K + ATPase, total and water soluble proteins and K + ions to the level of normal level whereas reduced concentrations of Na + ions. The MDA levels were significantly less in the N. sativa treated groups whereas, the level of GSH, in high glucose (55mM), compared to the normal control group was significantly low but N. sativa treated groups showed higher level of GSH. These results support the view that ethanolic extract of seeds of N. sativa as seen in this in vitro model may, counteracts the effects of glucose in inducing cataract to some extent.

In the present study, a composite wound dressing material containing fibrin (F) and regenerated cellulose (RC) impregnated with silver nanoparticles (Ag) with and without antibiotic gentamicin (G) were primed. The biocomposites prepared were characterised for their physicochemical investigation using conventional techniques. The results obtained showed that with the increase of fibrin level in the complex results in a reduction in its water absorption ability. The FTIR and SEM studies have shown the composite nature of the biocomposites prepared. RC-F-Ag and RC-F-Ag-G composites were used as wound dressing materials on experimental wounds of rats. The healing pattern of the wounds was evaluated by planimetric studies, macroscopic observations and biochemical studies. The results have shown faster healing patterns in the wounds treated with RC-F-Ag and RC-F-Ag-G composites compared to untreated controls. This study suggests RC-F-Ag biocomposite may be a potential candidate as a wound dressing material and may be tried on the clinical wounds of animals before being applied on humans.

Cigarette smoking (CS) is the cause of morbidity and mortality from several
diseases including lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Free radicals mediated oxidative stress has been
implicated in the pathogenesis of smoking-related lung diseases and antioxidant
nutrients are reported to prevent these lung damages. EGCG inhibits chemicalinduced
lung fibrosis and lung cancer. However, minimal bioavailability of
EGCG considerably reduced EGCG mediated biological effects invivo. Therefore,
the present study was intended to evaluate the pulmonary protective role of
EGCG coated silver Nano particles (EGCG-AgNPs) against chronic CS induced
oxidative damage in rat lungs. Adult male albino rats were exposed to side
stream CS for a period of 12 weeks and simultaneously administered with EGCGAgNPs
(2mg/kg B.W./day). Exposure to CS significantly increased the levels of
oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein oxidation, and
decreased levels of reduced glutathione, vitamin C and vitaminE. The activities of
superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferases
and glutathione reductase were found to be decreased in CS exposed rat. Oral
supplementation with EGCG-AgNPs showed significant decrease in the levels
of LPO, protein oxidation products and improved the antioxidant status by
increasing the activities of enzymic antioxidants, and non-enzymic antioxidants.
Histopathological alterations of the lung tissue were prevented by EGCG-AgNPs
administration. These results suggest that chronic CS exposure enhances oxidative
stress, thereby disturbing the tissue defense system and EGCG-AgNPs protects the lungs from this oxidative damage through its antioxidant potential.

Biomaterials are used in regenerative medicine, implantable materials, controlled release carriers or scaf-folds for tissue engineering. In the present study, the composites containing regenerated cellulose (RC)and chitosan (Ch) impregnated with silver nanoparticles (AgNP) with and without antibiotic gentamicin(G) were prepared. The composites prepared were characterized for their physico-chemical and mechan-ical properties and the results have shown the composite nature. RC–Ch–Ag and RC–Ch–Ag–G compositeswere used as wound dressing materials in experimental wounds of rats. The healing pattern of the woundswas evaluated by planimetric studies, macroscopic observations, biochemical studies and mechanicalproperties. The results have shown faster healing pattern in the wounds treated with RC–Ch–Ag andRC–Ch–Ag–G composites compared to untreated control. This study revealed that RC–Ch–Ag compositemight be a potential, economical wound dressing material and may be tried on the clinical wounds ofanimals before being applied on humans.

A novel biocomposite material was prepared using cellulose-chitosan by employing regenerative technique.
Silver nanoparticles also incorporated in this composite. The antibacterial activity of cellulose-chitosan composite
incorporated with silver nanoparticles (C-Ch-Ag) was evaluated against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative
bacteria.

Neurodegenerative diseases have long been linked to Cigarette Smoke (CS). The goal of this study was to examine the neurotoxicological effects of CS on rat brains as well as any potential ameliorative benefits of genistein as a neuroprotective agent. A total of 24 adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 different groups. Group I served as control; group II was CS Exposed (Rats are exposed to side stream CS twice daily, the duration of each exposure was 3 h with an interval of 10 min between each cigarette, using 8 to 10 cigarettes per day); group III received Gen (Genistein alone dissolved in cremophor EL orally, 10 mg/kg b.w./day). Group IV received: both CS Exposure and Gen (Genistein dissolved in cremophor EL orally, 10 mg/kg BW orally);Rats treated with CS poisoning developed biochemical and histological abnormalities. The levels of enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants as well as neuronal enzymes like acetylcholinesterase, creatine kinase, and Lactate Dehydrogenase within the brain and serum of treated rats were significantly improved by genistein, which also significantly reduced the elevation of lipid peroxidation and normalized the CS impact. Histology data further supported the findings that CS therapy resulted in neurodegenerative changes and that soy isoflavones genistein act as antioxidants and neuroprotective agents against CS toxicity. Therefore, Genistein should be a part of a healthy diet to prevent or reduce neurological diseases caused by long-term exposure to CS.
Keywords: Cigarette smoke, Neurotoxicity, Genistein, Prophylactic effect, Neurodegenerative disorders, Biochemical, Histology changes, Rats

A plant survey is usually conducted for examining a certain geographic area, analysis of existence of
specific species and assessing of habitat appropriateness of those species available in that specific study area. A
survey of medicinal plants in a given location helps in the comprehension of overall ecological circumstances by
classifying the recorded plants into distinct biological life forms. The current study focuses on survey of
ethnomedicinal plants in Pudurnadu. Pudurnadu is a village in Tirupattur district, Tamil Nadu, India, about 54 miles
south of Vellore city. One of the effective ways to plant drug discovery has been discovered through ethnomedicinal
survey. In our study, we recorded 146 medicinal plant species belonging to 59 families for the treatment of various
ailments. The objectives of this study were to identify a rare medicinal plant in our study area and evaluate the
phytochemical and antibacterial properties with several extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum which was determined
using the Agar well diffusion method against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis).
Keywords: Ethnomedicinal plant survey, Traditional medicines, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Phytoconstituents,
Antibacterial activity

Cigarette smoking is implicated as a major risk factor in the development
of neurological disease such as Alzheimers disease, stroke, multiple sclerosis,
cerebral ischemia, hyperactivity disorder etc and oxidative stress has been the
causative pathological mechanism. Therefore the present study was intended
to evaluate neuroprotective eect of genistein on oxidative damage induced by
cigarette smoke exposure (CSE) in the brain of rats. Adult male Wistar rats
were exposed to side stream cigarette smoke for a period of 12 weeks and
simultaneously administration with genistein (Gen) with a dosage of 10 mg/kg
BW orally. Cigarette smoke exposure leads to increase in serum lipid peroxidation
(LPO) and reduction in serum antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dimutase
(SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Cigarette smoke
exposure induced neuronal alteration was indicated by impaired behavioral
performance like memory, anxiety, locomotor and emotional behavior. However
genistein modulates the abnormalities of induced alteration in oxidative stress
marker, LPO and antioxidant enzyme level and behavioral performance of the
rats. Administration of genistein reduces oxidative stress, increase antioxidant
status and maintained the behavioral performance of rats. In conclusion our
result demonstrated that Cigarette smoke exposure causes biochemical and
neurobehavioral alterations. Oxidative stress play a major role on cigarette smoke
induced neurotoxicity. Treatment of genistein reduces the oxidative stress and
reverted the behavioral performance. Our finding highlights genistein as possible
neuroprotective agent.

This study was designed to investigate the ameliorative effect of (–)
epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on Fenvalerate induced biochemical alterations
in human erythrocytes in vitro. Erythrocytes are useful model to study the interaction
of pesticides with biological membranes. Pesticides are thought to exert damaging
effect on bio membranes through free radical generation; therefore antioxidants can
play a crucial role in offering protection against pesticide induced oxidative damage.
EGCG is a potential antioxidant, known to be able to protect cells against oxidative
damage. The biochemical parameters chosen to evaluate the effect of EGCG were
lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidant enzymes, non enzymic antioxidants and
membrane bound ATPases of erythrocytes. Following in vitro exposure, Fenvalerate
caused a significant induction of oxidative damage in erythrocytes as evidenced by
increased levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and decreased
levels of enzymic and non enzymic antioxidants. However, EGCG pretreatment
significantly restore the activities of antioxidant enzymes and membrane bound
ATPases to near normal level. The beneficial effects of EGCG observed here
presumably reflect the ability of this flavonoid to protect cells from the toxic effects of
pesticide poisoning with reference to Fenvalerate.
Key words: EGCG; Fenvalerate; Erythrocytes; Antioxidant activity, oxidative damage

Mung bean (Vigna radiata), a rich source of many nutrients with potential
health benefits is a commonly used functional food in India. The nutritional
composition of Vigna radiata seeds were estimated in terms
of carbohydrate, free amino acid, protein, chlorophyll and fat content pre
and post germination to assess the biochemical changes in seeds. They were
found to have slightly higher carbohydrate content (0.021 mg/g) after
germination. The amino acid (0.239 mg/g) and protein content (0.207
mg/g) were appreciably increased compared to dry seeds. There was an
insignificant difference in the fat, chlorophyll a and b contents of pre and
post germinated seeds. These results suggest that the nutritional content and
quality of the seeds of Vigna radiata improves after germination.

Rubisco is an important enzyme in photosynthesis as well as photorespiration. Rubisco plays dual role of carboxylation and oxygenation and the type of reaction is determined by specific amino acids at the active site. The carbon fixation has been shown to be favored by the involvement of Lys-334 of Rubisco with enediol of RuBP. The role of lysine at position 334 of loop 6 of Rubisco has been experimentally studied in many species. In the present study, we attempted to predict the change encountered during modification of the amino acid Lys-334 in the active site of D. salina Rubisco. For this, we had modelled the wild type and mutant structure of Rubisco enzyme from Dunaliella salina with MODELLER 9v3 and evaluated the model using Procheck3.5.4. The modelled structure was then docked using Autodock with CABP, the substrate analogue of RuBP as Lys-334 at the apex of the loop has iconic interaction with it. The dock score of wild type and mutant type were -9.26 and -7.91 respectively. The result of algorithmic predictions of observed differences in the binding affinities of wild type and mutant structure of Rubisco. As our results also predicted the importance of Lys-334 in Rubisco of D. salina.

Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is endocrine system disease which affect women ages 18 to 44 where the women’s hormones are imbalance. Recently it has been reported to occur in early age. Alteration of normal gene expression in PCOS has shown negative effects on long-term health issues. PCOS has been the responsible factor for the infertility in women of reproductive age group. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve the women’s health suffering from PCOS. Earlier Studies shows correlation of PCOS upon insulin resistance with significant outcome, Current study shows the linkage between PCOS with obesity and non-obese patients. Gene expression datasets has been downloaded from GEO (control and PCOS affected patients). Normalization of the datasets were performed using R based on RMA and differentially expressed gene (DEG) were selected on the basis of p-value 0.05 followed by functional annotation of selected gene using Enrich R and DAVID. The DEGs were significantly related to PCOS with obesity and other risk factors involved in disease. The Gene Enrichment Analysis suggests alteration of genes and associated pathway in case of obesity. Current study provides a productive groundwork for specific biomarkers identification for the accurate diagnosis and efficient target for the treatment of PCOS.

Keywords: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), Obesity, Differential expressed gene

Cigarette smoking (CS) is the cause of morbidity and mortality from several diseases including lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Free radicals mediated oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of smoking-related lung diseases and antioxidant nutrients are reported to prevent these lung damages. EGCG inhibits chemical-induced lung fibrosis and lung cancer. However, minimal bio availability of EGCG considerably reduced EGCG mediated biological effects invivo. Therefore, the present study was intended to evaluate the pulmonary protective role of EGCG coated silver Nano particles (EGCG-AgNPs) against chronic CS induced oxidativedamage in rat lungs. Adult male albino rats were exposed to side stream CS for a period of 12 weeks and simultaneously administered with EGCG-AgNPs (2mg/kgB.W./day). Exposure to CS significantly increased the levels of oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein oxidation, and decreased levels o freduced glutathione, vitamin C and vitaminE. The activities of superoxidedismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferases andglutathione reductase were found to be decreased in CS exposed rat. Oral supplementation with EGCG-AgNPs showed significant decrea se in the levels ofLPO, protein oxidation products and improved the antioxidant status by increasing the activities of enzymic antioxidants, and non-enzymic antioxidants. Histopathological alterations of the lung tissue were prevented by EGCG-AgNPs administration. These results suggest that chronic CS exposure enhances oxidative stress, thereby disturbing the tissue defense system and EGCG-AgNPs protects the lungs from this oxidative damage through its antioxidant potential.

Lambda-cyhalothrin is a pyrethroid insecticide. New born babies and children are often exposed to pyrethroid insecticides for long periods by wide usage. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the toxic effect of λ -cyhalothrin on biochemical and hepatic marker enzymes and ameliorating effects of quercetin on male Wistar rats. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four different groups.Group I served as control; group II rats were received with 7.8 mg/ kg B.W (1/10LD 50) λ -cyhalothrin for 7 days, group III rats received with λ-cyhalothrin for aperiod of 7 days and simultaneously administered of quercetin (100 mg/kg BW for 7 days) orally. Group IV quercetin alone treated. λ -cyhalothrin induced hepato toxicitywas assessed by the increased activities of serum hepatic marker enzymes likeaspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, along with increased elevation of lipid peroxidation and reduction in the levels of enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants levels. However, on treatment with quercetin normalized the levels of hepatic markers, antioxidant and nonenzymic antioxidant, lipid peroxidation products. These findings highlight theefficacy of quercetin as hepato protective effects against λ -cyhalothrin induced hepato toxicity in male Wistar rats

Cigarette smoking (CS) is concerned as a major risk factor in the development of various neurological disorders. Oxidative stress is suggested as a possible contributing factor in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoking-induced toxicity. Therefore, the current investigation aimed to determine how well Genistein (GEN) protected the rat brain from oxidative damage caused by prolonged cigarette smoking. Adult male albino rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for a period of 12 weeks and simultaneously administered with genistein (10 mg/kg b.w. /day, p.o.). The levels of reduced glutathione, vitamin C, vitamin E, and vitamin A as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were used to determine, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, the brain's antioxidant state. Additionally, the brain's concentrations of copper, iron, zinc, and selenium were assessed. The decreased levels of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were a clear indicator of oxidative stress. Changes in the levels of trace elements were also found, including an increase in copper and iron and a decrease in zinc and selenium. The antioxidant status was improved and the trace element levels were maintained by genistein administration. Administration of genistein stopped the brain tissue from undergoing histopathological changes. These findings imply that long-term cigarette smoking increases oxidative stress and compromises tissue defence mechanisms, while genistein shields the brain from oxidative harm thanks to its antioxidant properties. Keywords: Antioxidants; Genistein; Cigarette smoking; Lipid peroxidation; Oxidative stress; Histopathology; micronutrients

Cigarette smoking (CS) is concerned as a major risk factor in the development of various
neurological disorders. Oxidative stress is suggested as a possible contributing factor in the
pathogenesis of cigarette smoking-induced toxicity. Therefore, the current investigation aimed
to determine how well Genistein (GEN) protected the rat brain from oxidative damage caused
by prolonged cigarette smoking.Adult male albino rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for a
period of 12 weeks and simultaneously administered with genistein (10 mg/kg b.w. /day, p.o.).
The levels of reduced glutathione, vitamin C, vitamin E, and vitamin A as well as the activities
of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were used
to determine, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase,
and glutathione reductase, the brain's antioxidant state. Additionally, the brain's concentrations
of copper, iron, zinc, and selenium were assessed. The decreased levels of both enzymatic and
non-enzymatic antioxidants were a clear indicator of oxidative stress. Changes in the levels of
trace elements were also found, including an increase in copper and iron and a decrease in zinc
and selenium. The antioxidant status was improved and the trace element levels were
maintained by genistein administration. Administration of genistein stopped the brain tissue
from undergoing histopathological changes. These findings imply that long-term cigarette
smoking increases oxidative stress and compromises tissue defence mechanisms, while
genistein shields the brain from oxidative harm thanks to its antioxidant properties.

The annual erect herb Crotalaria pallida Aiton, a member of the Fabaceae family is found throughout the tropics and subtropic region. C. pallida, also known as "rattlebox" is a plant frequently employ in conventional medicine to serve a broad range of illness, including diabetes, skin infections, snake bites, diarrhea and urinary tract illnesses. The aim of the present investigation is to evaluate the antioxidant, phytoconstituents, antibacterial, total phenol and total flavonoid effects of C. pallida seeds in four different solvents based on their polarities, such as aqueous, ethanol, methanol and hexane. The presence of phenols, terpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, sterols, tannins and flavonoids rich in ethanol extract. In contrast to aqueous, methanolic and hexane, the ethanol seed extract showed free radical scavenging capacity with half maximal inhibitory concentration value of 30.3μg/ml. The ethanol extract of C. pallida compared with standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin, C. pallida seeds showed that the ethanol extract had a higher total phenol content (TPC), 12.01 mg GAE/g and a greater total concentration of flavonoids (TFC), measuring 11.07 mg QE per 100 g of dry extract.

Neurodegenerative diseases have long been linked to Cigarette Smoke (CS). The goal of this study was to examine the neurotoxicological effects of CS on rat brains as well as any potential meliorative benefits of genistein as a neuroprotective agent. A total of 24 adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 different groups. Group I served as control; group II was CS Exposed (Rats are exposed to side stream CS twice daily, the duration of each exposure was 3 h with an interval of 10 min between each cigarette, using 8 to 10 cigarettes per day); group III received: both CS Exposure and Gen (Genistein dissolved in cremophor EL orally, 10 mg/kg BW orally); Group IV received Gen (Genistein alone dissolved in cremophor EL orally, 10 mg/kg b.w./day). Rats treated with CS poisoning developed
biochemical and histological abnormalities. The levels of enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants as well as neuronal enzymes like acetylcholinesterase, creatine kinase, and Lactate Dehydrogenase within the brain and serum of treated rats were significantly improved by genistein, which also significantly reduced the elevation of lipid peroxidation and normalized the CS impact. Histology data further supported the findings that CS therapy resulted in neurodegenerative changes and that soy isoflavones genistein act as antioxidants and neuroprotective agents against CS toxicity. Therefore, Genistein should be a part of a healthy diet to prevent or reduce neurological diseases caused by long-term exposure to CS.

Wrightia tinctoria plant is mostly used by the Tamil Nadu people as a traditional medicine to get relief
from pain and inflammation. Latex (plant milk) is directly used to cure infections. In this study, the chemical analysis of aqueous extracts of Wrightia tinctoria showed presence of Alkaloids, Phenol, Flavanoids, Saponins, Terpenoids, Quinones, Coumarins and Glycoside and absence of amino acids, carbohydrates, tannins, Phlobatanins and oxalates. The methanol extract from W. tinctoria showed presence of Alkaloids, Phenol, Flavanoids, Tannins, Terpenoids, Coumarin, Glycoside and absence of amino acids, carbohydrates, saponins, Phlobatanins, quinones and oxalates. Ethanol extract contained phenol, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, oxalates, coumarins and glycosides while alkaloids, amino acids, carbohydrates, phlobatanins and quinone were absent. The chloroform
extract contained alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenol, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, coumarins and glycosides, while amino acids, phlobatanins, quinones, and oxalates were absent. The antibacterial activity of chloroform extracts showed the inhibition area against Streptococcus aureus (8 mm) and Escherichia coli (3 mm). For methanolic extract 9 mm of inhibitions were recorded in both S. aureus and E. coli. The antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract shows the inhibition area against S. aureus (9 mm) and E. coli (10 mm) and there was no aqueous extract activity for both tested bacteria. The antioxidant capacity of W. tinctoria extracts was high for methanol extract followed by ethanol, chloroform and aqueous. The results of the study indicated that W. tinctoria plant
contained active compounds that have antibacterial activity so that it can be used as natural antibacterial agent.

The present study investigated the phytoconstituents and anticancer potential followed by apoptotic
studies of Cissus vitiginea leaves ethanol extracts on MCF-7 and Vero cells. Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrate, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthocyanin and betacyanin, quinones, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, triterpenoids, phenols, coumarins, acids, protein and steroids. On the other hand, tannins were absent in the ethanol extract. A dose-dependent anti-proliferative assay revealed that the 50% cell viability was observed at the concentration of 125 μg/ml with the ethanol extract. The maximum cell growth inhibition was observed at the concentration 1000 μg/ml (24.64 %). From the obtained data the ethanol extract were able to reduce the viability of MCF-7 cell line in direct dose dependent manner and thereafter, ethanol leaf extract was taken for further studies to assess it biocompatibility with Vero cells. Treatment of Vero cells with 24 h at different concentration of ethanol extract did not cause any changes in the Vero cells. From the results, it is clear that ethanol extract is biocompatible and can be used as a drug for treating various diseases including cancer.

A plant survey is usually conducted for examining a certain geographic area, analysis of existence of
specific species and assessing of habitat appropriateness of those species available in that specific study area. A survey of medicinal plants in a given location helps in the comprehension of overall ecological circumstances by classifying the recorded plants into distinct biological life forms. The current study focuses on survey of ethnomedicinal plants in Pudurnadu. Pudurnadu is a village in Tirupattur district, Tamil Nadu, India, about 54 miles south of Vellore city. One of the effective ways to plant drug discovery has been discovered through ethnomedicinal survey. In our study, we recorded 146 medicinal plant species belonging to 59 families for the treatment of various ailments. The objectives of this study were to identify a rare medicinal plant in our study area and evaluate the
phytochemical and antibacterial properties with several extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum which was determined using the Agar well diffusion method against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis).

Medicinal plants are the most important source of life saving drugs for the majority of the world’s
population. Plants are an important source for the discovery of new products of medicinal value for drug development as they produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites which serve them as defense compounds against herbivores and microbes. Secondary metabolites produced by plants do not aid in the growth and development of plants but are required for the plants to survive in its environment. They have been described as antibiotic, antifungal, antiviral and they are able to protect plants from pathogens. Products isolated from them have been used to treat infections, health disorders or diseases. In modern medicine, they provided lead compounds for the production of medications for treating various diseases from migraine up to cancer. This review deals with the
Pharmacological activity and important functions of secondary metabolites in valuable medicinal herbs as Antimalarial, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Antiulcer, Antiinflammatory, Antimicrobial.

Ethnobotanical survey has been found to be one of the best approaches to drug
discovery. Several active compounds have been discovered from dierent plants
on the basis of ethnobotanical information. During the last few decades, there has
been an increasing trend on the study of medicinal plants and their traditional use
in dierent parts of the world. World Health Organization (WHO) has compiled
a list of 20,000 medicinal plants used in dierent part of the globe, 80% of the
rural population in developing countries make use of locally available medicinal
plants for their primary healthcare needs. About 90% of the country�s medicinal
plants are found in forest habitats, only 10% of the medicinal plants are distributed
surrounded by other landscape sources.
In the present study, ethnobotanical survey was carried out in Yelagiri at
Vellore district, Tamilnadu, India. Traditional uses of 150 plant species spread
over 44 families are described under this study. The medicinal plants used by
them are arranged by scientific name with family name, Vernacular name, Plant
parts used and Therapeutic uses. The plants reported in this survey belong
to the families such as Acanthaceae, Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Apocyanaceae,
Asclepiadaceae, Asteraceae, Agavaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Labiatae,
Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Papilionoideae, Verbanaceae, Vitaceae, Solanaceae,
Rutaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Alliaceae, Alangiaceae, Annonaceae, Papavaraceae,
Moraceae, Basellaceae, Piperaceae, Capparaceae, Caeselpinaceae, Costaceae,
Cesalpiniodeae, Lythraceae, Marsileaceae, Poaceae, Sapindaceae, Aizoaceae,
Cruciferae, Rubiaceae, Lamiaceae, Bombaceae, Fabaceae and Zingibesaceae. The present investigation exposed that the medicinal plants still play a vital role in the primary health care of the people.

In order to document the medicinal plants and their applications, a field survey
was undertaken at Mahadeva hill which is located 28 Km away from Vellore city
and 60 k.m. from Islamiah College (Autonomous), Vaniyambadi, TamilNadu,
India. An attempt has been made to identify the medicinal plants traditionally used
by the people of the region and also to preserve the traditional heritage. Further
this study highlights the risks of extensive human exploitation of biodiversity of
the region. The survey was carried out during January to November 2019. A total
of 88 herbaceous medicinal plants were documented and an inventory was
prepared. All these 88 plants species are belonging to 40 families such as
Acanthaceae, Aizoaceae, Alangiaceae, Alliaceae, Amaranthaceae, Annonaceae,
Apocyanaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Asteraceae, Bombacaceae,
Caesalpinacea, Capparaceae, Caricaceae, Cesalpinioideae, Cleomaceae,
Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Gentianaceae, Labiatae, Lamiaceae,
Liliaceae, Lythraceae, Malvaceae, Meliaceae, Mimosaceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae,
Oleaceae, Oxalidaceae, Papilionoideae, Poaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae,
Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Solanaceae, Verbanaceae and Vitaceae.This quantitative
survey gives an account on the floral diversity and uses of medicinal plants.

ABSTRACT: Azolla pinnata is an aquatic nitrogen fixing pteridophyte commonly found in aquatic habitat.
In the present study, the phytochemical analysis showed thatAlkaloids, phenol, terpenoids and oxalate are
present in four solvent extracts except water. Carbohydrate is absent in benzene but present in all other
extracts. Flavonoids present in acetone and water extract, saponin is present in methanol and water
extract.Ethanol and water extract exhibited the presence of anthocyanin, except benzene and methanol
other extracts contain Coumarin. The phytochemicals tannins, Phlobatanins and glycosides are absent in
all the solvent extracts of A. pinnata. This study was carried out against the various extracts namely
Acetone, Benzene, Ethanol, Methanol and Water of Azolla pinnata for its antibacterial activity against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The zone of inhibition S. areus (13 mm), P.
aeruginosa (10 mm)for Acetone extract, S. areus (12 mm), P. aeruginosa (8 mm) for Benzene Extract, P.
aeruginosa (12 mm), S. areus (9 mm) for Ethanol extract, S. areus (12 mm), P. aeruginosa (11 mm) for
Methanol extract are observed and there is no activity for the Water extract of A. pinnata.The antioxidant
activity of A. pinnata solvents extracts was more to the Ethanol followed by Methanol, Acetone, Benzene
and Water sample. The results of the study indicate that the Azolla pinnata possesses phyto-constituents
having antibacterial activity and thus if can be utilized as a natural plant based antimicrobial.
Key Words: Azolla pinnata, phytochemical analysis, Extracts, Acetone, Benzene, Ethanol, Methanol.

In India, eleven species of shrimp have been found to be suitable for
culture among 23 species available. Litopenaeus vannamei, Penaeus monodon
and Macrobrachium rosenbergii are the major species contributing in Indian
aquaculture industry. Total tiger prawn production increased in 2016 compared
to previous year. In India, the giant tiger prawn Penaeus monodon is becoming
an increasingly important targeted species, as its culture is considered to be the
great potential income source among farmers. This study reviews the current
production status of giant tiger prawn, diseases caused by various pathogens,
various diagnostic methods available to detect early infections and the availability
of various drugs to treat the tiger prawn diseases.

ABSTRACT: In India, 11 species of shrimp have been found to be suitable for culture among 23 species
available. Litopenaeus vannamei, Penaeus monodonand Macrobrachium rosenbergii are the major three
species contributing great economy in Indian aquaculture industry.Total freshwater aquaculture production
increased in 2016 compared to previous year.Aquaculture production of M. rosenbergii increased from 8,729
tonnes in 2015 to 10,152 tonnes in 2016. Giant freshwater prawn M. rosenbergii is becoming an important
targeted species, as its culture is considered to be the potential source of income among farmers. This study
reviews the current production status of freshwater prawn, white tail diseaseand its diagnostic methods and
potential drugs available to treat the prawn diseases.
Key Words: Giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, aquaculture, Diseases, Diagnostic methods,
Immunostimulants.

Abstract
Ocimum sanctum has a rich and fanciful history known since the Vedic age for its immense curative and
multi-purpose utility. The phytochemical results show the presence of Amino Acid, Carbohydrate,
Phenol and Terpenoids in all the four solvent extracts of the O. santum. Except Aqueous extract of the
plant all other extracts show the positive results for alkaloids, Coumarin, Flavonoids and Glycoside.
Saponin is present in the benzene and water solvent extracts of O. sanctum. The four solvent extracts are
showing the absence of following phytochemical’s such as Tannins, Phlobatanins, Quinones and
Anthocyanin. The higher concentration Acetone extract, Benzene extract, Methanol extract and Water
extract of the O. sanctum show the activity against the tested pathogens by the following order from the
highest zone of inhibition P. aeruginosa (8.5 mm), S. typhi (5 mm) and E. coli (3.5 mm) for Acetone
extract, E. coli (4 mm) only for Benzene extract, whereas P. aeruginosa (14 mm), S. typhi (8 mm) and E.
coli (7 mm) for Methanol extract and there is no activity for the water extract for all the three pathogens
were observed. The antioxidant activity of the O. sanctum solvent extracts was high to Methanol
followed by Benzene, Acetone, Water extracts. The results of the study indicate that the Ocimum
sanctum possesses phyto-constituents having antibacterial activity thus it can be utilized as a natural plant
based antimicrobials.
Keywords: Tulsi, O. sanctum, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, E. coli, phytochemical, antioxidant

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a multifactorial disorder with altered intestinal motility, secretion, and sensation. Serotonin (5-HT) stimulates gut motility and alters serotonin signaling that may lead to both intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms in IBS.

Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the association of serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in IBS with orocecal transit time (OCTT) measured by lactulose hydrogen breath test.

Method: This prospective case-control study included 151 IBS patients (mean±SD 37.4±11.6 years, median 36, range 19-68). Ninety-two patients were diarrhea-predominant IBS (D-IBS), 44 constipation-predominant IBS (C-IBS), 15 alternating diarrhea and constipation IBS (M-IBS), and 100 healthy controls (mean±SD 37.2±11.4 years, median 36, range 20-64 years). 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism was studied by polymerase chain reaction-based method. 5-HT levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Orocecal transit time (OCTT) was measured by a non-invasive lactulose hydrogen breath test. OCTT was also compared with respect to 5-HTTLPR genotypes in different IBS phenotypes.

Results: Serum serotonin levels were significantly higher in overall IBS patients (152±77 ng/mL, p<0.001), D-IBS (184±76 ng/mL, p<0.001), compared to healthy controls (129±56 ng/mL). There was no difference in 5-HT levels between C-IBS (124±53 ng/mL) and controls. In the case of M-IBS, 5-HT levels were (88±49 ng/mL p<0.05) significantly lower than that of controls. OCTT was significantly shorter in D-IBS patients (95±36 min) as compared to controls (112±41 min). In contrast, C-IBS showed significantly prolonged OCTT (136±54 min). There was a significant difference in OCTT between D-IBS and C-IBS patients (p<0.001). There was no significant association found between OCTT and 5-HTTLPR.

Conclusions: Serum serotonin concentrations were increased in D-IBS compared to controls and C-IBS. OCTT was shorter in D-IBS and delayed in C-IBS patients. There was no association of 5-HTLPR polymorphism with OCTT.

Background: Alpha 2 adrenergic receptors (alpha2 ARs) play a central role in the regulation of systemic sympathetic activity. Prejunctional alpha 2A adrenoceptor regulates through negative feedback at presynaptic nerve ending. A-1291 C>G polymorphism located in alpha2-adrenergic receptor gene (ADRAlpha2A) has been identified. We investigated the possible association between 1291 C>G polymorphism in the promoter region of ADRAlpha2A in clinical subtypes of IBS, ulcerative and microscopic colitis patients.

Methods: This prospective case control study included 92 patients with diarrhea predominant IBS (D-IBS), 44 with constipation predominant IBS (C-IBS), 15 with alternating diarrhea and constipation IBS (M-IBS), 75 ulcerative colitis (UC), 41 microscopic colitis (MC) and 100 healthy controls. The subjects were genotyped by using PCR amplification of the promoter region of ADRAlpha2A gene followed by digestion with the restriction enzyme MspI. The study was approved by the institute ethical committee.

Results: A strong genotypic association was observed between alpha2A-1291 C>G polymorphism and D-IBS (chi2=6.38, df=2, p<0.05). There was no significant difference in alpha2A-1291 C>G genotype and allele frequency between C-IBS, M-IBS, UC, MC cases and control subjects.

Conclusions: A significant association was observed between alpha2A-1291C>G polymorphism and D-IBS. Thus, alpha2 AR gene may be a potential candidate involved in the pathophysiology of D-IBS.

Background: Studies of serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT-P) polymorphism and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have shown diverse results among different populations, which might be due to racial and ethnic difference.

Aim: This study was to investigate the potential association between the SERT-P polymorphism and clinical subtypes of IBS patients in the Indian population.

Method: This prospective case-control study included 151 IBS patients. Ninety-two patients were diarrhea-predominant IBS, 44 were constipation-predominant IBS (C-IBS), 15 were alternating diarrhea and constipation IBS, and 100 were healthy controls. SERT gene polymorphism was studied by polymerase chain reaction.

Result: A genotypic association was observed between SS genotype of SERT-P polymorphism and C-IBS (P<0.05). When the L/S and L/L genotypes were combined into one group, the frequency of the S/S genotype was significantly higher than that of the non-S/S genotype between C-IBS and the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the SERT-P genotype and allele frequency between c-ibs, alternating diarrhea and constipation IBS, all types of IBS cases, and controls.

Conclusions: A significant association was observed between the SS genotype of SERT-P polymorphism and C-IBS in the Indian population.

Serotonin (5-HT) is an important signaling molecule in the gut targeting enterocytes, smooth muscles and enteric neurons. Most of the body serotonin is present in enterochromaffin cells. Serotonin activates both intrinsic and extrinsic primary afferent neurons to, respectively initiate peristaltic and secretory reflexes and to transmit information to the central nervous system. Serotonin is inactivated by the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) in the enterocytes or neurons. Exogenous serotonin application evokes so many responses that it is difficult to determine which is physiologically relevant. This effect is largely due to the presence of multiple receptor subtypes, which appear to be present on several classes of myenteric neurons, on smooth muscle cells, and on epithelial cells. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a complex disorder that is associated with altered gastrointestinal motility, secretion and sensation. Altered serotonin signaling may lead to both intestinal and extra intestinal systems in IBS. In this review, the literature related to role of serotonin signaling in pathophysiology of IBS has been searched and summarized. Therapeutic agents targeting altered serotonin signaling may provide new effective treatment for patients with IBS. Tegaserod, 5-HT(4) partial agonist is used in constipation predominant IBS while alosetron, a 5-HT(3) antagonist used in IBS with diarrhea. Other compounds such as tricyclic antidepressants and serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors have been used in some patients with IBS.

Background Flatulence is a common symptom in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This may be due to production of hydrogen by intestinal flora. With the presence of methanogenic flora, 4 mol of hydrogen (H2) are used with 1 mol of carbon dioxide (CO2) to produce 1 mol of methane (CH4), a process greatly reducing the volume of gas in the colon. However, the prevalence of methanogenic flora has not yet been reported in healthy and IBS patients from North India. Therefore, this study was planned. Methods This study was conducted prospectively and included 345 patients with irritable bowel syndrome (fulfilling Rome II criteria) and 254 age- and gender-matched apparently healthy controls. Each subject underwent a hydrogen breath test using 10 g lactulose after an overnight fast. An SC Microlyser from Quintron, USA, was used to measure methane and hydrogen at baseline and at every 30 min for 4 h. Subjects with fasting methane concentration <10 p.p.m. were labeled as low methane producers (LMPs) and > 10 p.p.m. as predominant methane producers (PMPs). Results The IBS and control groups included 66.78% and 67.53% men, respectively. Mean age in the two groups was 48.52 ± 30.54 years (range 15–68 years) and 45.67 ± 30.54 years (range 15–78 years), respectively. Prevalence of predominant methanogenic flora in IBS and control groups was 14.5% (50/345) and 34.6% (88/254), respectively (P < 0.001). Fifty-two out of 254 (20.6 %) were PMPs and 36 out of 254 (14.0%) were LMPs in controls. In contrast to this, IBS patients had 17 out of 354 (4.9%) that were PMPs and 33 out of 345 (9.6%) that were LMPs. Conclusion Methanogenic flora was significantly lower in IBS patients from North India than in apparently healthy subjects. This may be one of the causes of flatulence in IBS patients.

AIM: To evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of garlic on liver injury induced by isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF).

METHODS: Wistar rats weighing 150-200 g were treated orally with 50 mg/kg of INH and RIF daily each for 28 d. For hepatoprotective studies, 0.25 g/kg per day of freshly prepared garlic homogenate was administered orally half an hour before the INH+RIF doses. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and bilirubin were estimated on d 0, 14, 21, and 28 in all the rats. Histological analysis was carried out to assess the injury to the liver. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) as a marker of oxidative stress and non-protein thiols (glutathione) for antioxidant levels were measured in liver homogenate.

RESULTS: The treatment of rats with INH+RIF (50 mg/kg per day each) induced hepatotoxicity in all the treated animals as judged by elevated serum ALT, AST, and bilirubin levels, presence of focal hepatocytic necrosis (6/8) and portal triaditis (8/8). Garlic simultaneously administered at a dose of 0.25 g/kg per day prevented the induction of histopathological injuries in INH+RIF co-treated animals, except in 4 animals, which showed only moderate portal triaditis. The histological changes correlated with oxidative stress in INH+RIF treated animals. The group which received 0.25 g/kg per day garlic homogenate along with INH+RIF showed higher levels of glutathione (P < 0.05) and low levels of LPO (P < 0.05) as compared to INH+RIF treated group.

CONCLUSION: Freshly prepared garlic homogenate protects against INH+RIF-induced liver injury in experimental animal model.

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a multifactorial disorder with altered intestinal motility, secretion, and sensation. Serotonin (5-HT) stimulates gut motility and alters serotonin signaling that may lead to both intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms in IBS.

Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the association of serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in IBS with orocecal transit time (OCTT) measured by lactulose hydrogen breath test.

Method: This prospective case-control study included 151 IBS patients (mean±SD 37.4±11.6 years, median 36, range 19-68). Ninety-two patients were diarrhea-predominant IBS (D-IBS), 44 constipation-predominant IBS (C-IBS), 15 alternating diarrhea and constipation IBS (M-IBS), and 100 healthy controls (mean±SD 37.2±11.4 years, median 36, range 20-64 years). 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism was studied by polymerase chain reaction-based method. 5-HT levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Orocecal transit time (OCTT) was measured by a non-invasive lactulose hydrogen breath test. OCTT was also compared with respect to 5-HTTLPR genotypes in different IBS phenotypes.

Results: Serum serotonin levels were significantly higher in overall IBS patients (152±77 ng/mL, p<0.001), D-IBS (184±76 ng/mL, p<0.001), compared to healthy controls (129±56 ng/mL). There was no difference in 5-HT levels between C-IBS (124±53 ng/mL) and controls. In the case of M-IBS, 5-HT levels were (88±49 ng/mL p<0.05) significantly lower than that of controls. OCTT was significantly shorter in D-IBS patients (95±36 min) as compared to controls (112±41 min). In contrast, C-IBS showed significantly prolonged OCTT (136±54 min). There was a significant difference in OCTT between D-IBS and C-IBS patients (p<0.001). There was no significant association found between OCTT and 5-HTTLPR.

Conclusions: Serum serotonin concentrations were increased in D-IBS compared to controls and C-IBS. OCTT was shorter in D-IBS and delayed in C-IBS patients. There was no association of 5-HTLPR polymorphism with OCTT.

Background: Approximately 20% of the general population has irritable bowel syndrome. Despite this high prevalence, the cause of irritable bowel syndrome is unknown. There is no data available concerning the prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in North Indian patients with irritable bowel syndrome.

Aim: This study evaluated the prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with irritable bowel syndrome compared with healthy controls.

Methods: This study included 225 consecutive patients of irritable bowel syndrome between the ages 20 and 65 years attending the gastroenterology clinics. Diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome was made according to the Rome II criteria. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth was estimated by using the non-invasive glucose hydrogen breath test.

Results: Of 225 patients of irritable bowel syndrome, 160 (71.1%) were male and 65 (28.9%) were female. Of 100 controls, 65 (65%) were male and 35 (35%) female. The prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth was 25 of 225 (11.1%) patients with irritable bowel syndrome and 1 of 100 (1%) in apparently healthy controls. This difference was statistically significant. The prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in male and female patients was not significantly different.

Conclusion: This study indicates that the prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome patients from North India is approximately 11.1%, which is lower than the reported prevalence.

Background: Occasionally celiac patients continue to experience gastro-intestinal symptoms even with a gluten free diet. In these cases, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth may be one of the causes of the lack of response. Therefore, this prospective study was planned to determine the prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in celiac patients.

Materials and methods: We studied 87 confirmed cases of celiac disease from North India and 87 age and sex matched controls. Celiac disease was confirmed by positive IgA antitissue transglutaminase on ELISA. 80 g glucose hydrogen breath test (non-invasive test) was performed to establish small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Rise of more than 10 ppm in hydrogen concentration over baseline value within two hours was considered suggestive of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.

Results: Out of 87 patients with celiac disease, 49 were male and 38 were female. The mean (+/-SD) age for male patients was 26.3 +/- 16.3 years (range 14-59 years) and for female patients was 28.4 +/- 15.6 years (range 16-58 years). Amongst the controls, 52 (59.8%) were male and 35 (40.2%) were female. The mean (+/- SD) age for male controls was 27.6 +/- 14.5 years (range 15-57 years) and for female controls was 29.3 +/- 16.5 years (range 18-59 years). Hydrogen breath test was suggestive of bacterial overgrowth in 18 of the 87 (20.7%) celiac disease patients but not in any of the apparently healthy controls.

Conclusion: This study indicates that a large number of celiac patients from North India suffer from bacterial overgrowth which can be accordingly treated with antibiotics.

Objective:�There is considerable overlap between the symptoms seen in patients with microscopic colitis (MC) and the symptom-based criteria for diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). Clinical symptom based criteria for IBS is not sufficient enough to rule out the diagnosis of MC. There is increasing evidence of microscopic inflammation in patients with IBS. Therefore, we sought to study the prevalence of MC in a prospective cohort of IBS. Methods:�In this prospective study colonic mucosa of 197 patients with IBS (129 IBS-D, 50 IBS-C and 18 IBS-M) were examined for the evidence of MC. IBS were diagnosed with Rome II criteria and (a)typical MC were diagnosed by clinical symptom, normal or near normal endoscopic findings and characteristic histological changes. Results:�The mean age of patient with MC (M�:�F::11:35) at presentation was 37�±�13.74 years (Range, 17�82 years). The overall prevalence of MC in patients with IBS was 23.4% (46/197). The prevalence of MC in patients with IBS-D was 28.7% (37/129), higher than in patients with IBS-C 12% (6/50) and IBS-M 16.7% (3/18). Overall atypical MC cases constituted 13.24% (9/68). Colonic mucosa had a normal appearance in most of the patients with MC. Conclusion:�Microscopic colitis is present in a relevant proportion of symptomatic patients meeting diagnostic criteria for IBS. Despite the fact that IBS is a functional disorder, in many patients morphological changes in colon mucosa occur. The diagnostic criteria of IBS are not specific enough to exclude the presence of MC. Therefore, in patients of IBS, it may be reasonable to perform a biopsy to screen for MC.

Background
Clinical symptom based criteria for IBS is not sufficient enough to rule out microscopic colitis (MC). We sought to study whether biopsy is necessary in IBS.

Methods
This prospective study included colonic mucosa of 197 patients with IBS (129 IBS-D, 50IBS-C and 18 IBS-M) to rule out MC.

Results
Overall prevalence of MC in patients with IBS was 23.4% (46/197). The prevalence of MC in patients with IBS-D was 28.7% (37/129), higher than in patients with IBS-C 12% (6/50) and IBS-M 16.7% (3/18).

Conclusions
Microscopic colitis is present in a relevant proportion of symptomatic patients meeting diagnostic criteria for IBS. Despite the fact that IBS is a functional disorder, in many patients morphological changes occur in colon mucosa. The diagnostic criteria of IBS are not specific enough to exclude the presence of MC. Therefore, in patients of IBS, it may be reasonable to perform a biopsy to screen for MC.

A prospective study for the prevalence of microscopic colitis in irritable bowel syndrome.

Serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms in irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis and microscopic colitis
Introduction: Serotonin (5-HT) is an important signaling molecule in the gut. It regulates gastrointestinal motility, secretion and sensation. Its removal from the sites of action is mediated by a specific serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT). Polymorphism in the promoter region of the SERT gene (5-HTTLPR) effects on transcriptional activity, resulting in altered 5-HT reuptake efficiency. Despite markedly different pathophysiologies, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), ulcerative colitis (UC) and microscopic colitis (MC) share many clinical features including diarrhoea, altered defecation and abdominal discomfort. Association studies of 5- HTTLPR polymorphism and IBS have shown diverse results among different countries, which might be due to racial and ethnic difference. Moreover, the association of 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms with UC and MC is not known.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential association between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms and IBS, ulcerative colitis and microscopic colitis patients in Indian population.
Methods: This prospective study included 91 patients with diarrhoea predominant IBS (D-IBS) (73 males), 44 with constipation predominant IBS (C-IBS) (30 males), 15 with alternating diarrhoea and constipation IBS (MIBS) (11 males), 74 ulcerative colitis (40 males), 42 MC (33 males) and 100 healthy controls (63 males). 5- HTTLPR polymorphism (long, short and heterozygous) was studied on DNA extracted from leukocytes by polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism. The study was approved by the institute ethical committee.
Results: There was no significant difference in the 5- HTTLPR genotype and allele frequencies between the IBS patients as a whole, ulcerative colitis and control group. However, the frequency of short/short (SS) genotype was significantly higher in patients with C-IBS than in control (52.3% vs 30%, P < 0.05). In contrast to this, a strong genotypic association was observed between the 5-HTTLPR long/long (LL) genotype and MC (29.3% vs 17%, P < 0.05).
Conclusion: This study suggests the hypothesis that individuals with SS genotype are vulnerable to develop to develop C-IBS. A significant association was observed between LL genotype and Microscopic colitis; suggest that the SERT gene may be a potential candidate gene involved in pathophysiology of microscopic colitis. No association was observed for 5-HTTLPR polymorphism with ulcerative colitis in our population.

Background: Serotonin (5-hydroxtryptamine, 5-HT) plays key role in intestinal peristalsis, secretion, and sensory signalling in the brain-gut axis. Removal from its sites of action is mediated by a specific protein called serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT or 5-HTT). Polymorphisms in the promoter region of SERT gene have effects on transcriptional activity, resulting in altered 5-HT reuptake efficiency. It has been speculated that such functional polymorphisms may underlie disturbance in gut function in individuals suffering from disorders such as ulcerative colitis (UC).

Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the association between SERT-P gene polymorphisms and ulcerative colitis in North Indians.

Methods: This case-control study included 125 UC patients and 125 healthy controls. SERT-P gene polymorphisms were studied by polymerase chain reaction.

Results: The genotypic distribution of UC patients were checked for deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and no deviation was observed for the SERT-P polymorphisms. No significant difference were found in the SERT-P genotype (X2 = 1.91 df = 2, p = 0.38) and allele frequencies (p = 0.19) between the UC patients and control group. The frequencies of genotype were similar in both males and females in patients and controls.

Conclusion: There were no association between S/S and non-S genotypes of ulcerative colitis and controls in North Indians.

Background: Serotonin (5-hydroxtryptamine, 5-HT) is an important factor in gut function, playing key role in intestinal peristalsis, secretion, and in sensory signaling in the brain-gut axis. Removal from its sites of action is mediated by a specific protein called serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT or 5-HTT). Polymorphisms in the promoter region of SERT gene have effects on transcriptional activity, resulting in altered 5-HT reuptake efficiency. It has been speculated that such functional polymorphisms may underlie disturbance in gut function in individuals suffering from disorders such as Microscopic Colitis (MC).
Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the potential association between SERT-P gene polymorphisms and microscopic colitis in North Indians.
Method: This prospective case-control study included 82 MC patients and 100 healthy controls. SERT-P gene polymorphisms were studied by polymerase chain reaction.
Result: The significant difference was observed in SERT-P genotype (X2=6.0, P<0.05) and allele frequencies (p<0.05) between the MC patients and controls. The frequencies of Non-S genotype were significantly higher than S/S genotype between the MC patients and controls {OR=3.1 (CI=1.1– 8.63); P<0.05}. The frequencies of genotype were similar in both males and females in patients and controls.
Conclusions: A significant association was observed between SS genotype of serotonin reuptake transporter-P polymorphism and microscopic colitis in North Indians.

Serum angiotensin-I-converting enzyme in ulcerative colitis, microscopic colitis and irritable bowel syndrome

Association of alpha 2A adrenergic receptor gene (ADRA2A) polymorphism with diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome.

Microscopic colitis and serum serotonin levels.

Altered serotonin signaling in IBD, diarrhea-predominant IBS and microscopic colitis

Role of substance P and interleukin-10 in IBS patients.

Prevalence of predominant methanogenic flora in irritable bowel syndrome patients and apparently healthy controls from north India